06Chapter 6_cognition 语言学概论 教学课件.pptVIP

Chapter SixLanguage and Cognition 1. What is Cognition? Mental processes, information processing Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness（意识）, perception （直觉）, reasoning （推理）, and judgment （判断）. The formal approach: structural patterns, including the study of morphological, syntactic, and lexical structure. The psychological approach: language from the view of general systems ranging from perception, memory, attention, and reasoning. The conceptual approach: how language structures (processes patterns) conceptual content. 2. Psycholinguistics Psychological aspects of language. Psychological states and mental activity with the use of language. Language acquisition, language production comprehension. Related fields Structural linguistics Cognitive psychology Anthropology Neurosciences Six subjects of research Language acquisition (L1 / L2) Language comprehension Language production Language disorders Language and Thought Neurocognition 2.1 Language Acquisition Holophrastic stage （单词句阶段）：Shortly before their first birthday and lasting from two months to a year. Language’s sound patterns Phonetic distinctions in parents’ language. One-word stage: objects, actions, motions, routines. Two-word stage: around 18m Three-word-utterance stage Give doggie paper. Put truck window. Tractor go floor. Fluent grammatical conversation stage Embed one constituent inside another: Give doggie paper. ? Give big doggie paper. Use more function words: missing function words and inflection in the beginning but good use (90%) by the age of 3, with a full range of sentence types. All parts of all language are acquired before the child turns four. Factors involved in word recognition: Frequency effect: the ease with which a word is accessed due to its more frequent usage in the L. Recency effects: the ease with which a word is accessed due to its repeated occurrence in the discourse or context. Cotext: We recognize a word more readily when the preceding words provide a