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Code-switching Code-mixing Tammy Two Basic assumptions Languages are distinct. One language is used at a time. In language contact situations, these assumptions are hard to hold on. Why? Why? Because languages coexisting in society are never equal because the languages are associated with: The demographic strength Power Prestige. Thus, Thus, choosing elements of one language or another, implies the social meaning attached to the languages. Thus, every choice made, tells of a motivation of a speaker and can be explained. When speakers are competent in two languages, language contacts (borrowing, pidginization, etc.) take place, and code-switching is one of them. Code and Language Language means genetically different language family or languages within the same family Code includes varieties of one language and the above in language. Code-switching Code–switching thus means the switch from one language to another or others and also from one variety of a language to another variety. Anyone who speaks more than one language chooses between them according to circumstances (Hudson, 2000: 25). Code-switching is the alternative use by bilinguals of two or more languages in the same conversation (Milroy, 1995: 7). Code-switching Attitudes to code–switching are often seen as: “deficient, and bastardization blend” “often assume that speakers who code switch are forced to do due to the ability of the languages in command are limited.” But choices across language boundaries are imbued of social meaning. Code-switching and social meaning Types of code-switching Situational code-switching: the switches between languages always coincide with changes from one external situation (for example, talking to members of family) to another (for example, talking to the neighbours). Metaphorical code-switching: bilingual speakers will use their choice of language in order to define the situation. For example, when residents in Norwegian talk to a clerk, they would use dialect t