第一章计算机网络基本原理与机制 教学课件.ppt

96 上一页 下一页 Hubs (more) Hub Advantages: – simple, inexpensive device – Multi-tier provides graceful degradation: portions of the LAN continue to operate if one hub malfunctions – extends maximum distance between node pairs (100m per Hub) 97 上一页 下一页 Datalink Layer (2) Service: – Framing, i.e., attach frames separator – Send data frames between peers attached to the same physical media – Others (optional): ? Arbitrate the access to common physical media ? Ensure reliable transmission ? Provide flow control Interface: send a data unit (packet) to a machine connected to the same physical media Protocol: layer addresses, implement Medium Access Control (MAC) (e.g., CSMA/CD)… 98 上一页 下一页 Random Access Protocols When node has packet to send – transmit at full channel data rate R – no a priori coordination among nodes two or more transmitting nodes - “collision” random access MAC protocol specifies: – how to detect collisions – how to recover from collisions (e.g., via delayed retransmissions) Examples of random access MAC protocol – ALOHA – slotted ALOHA – CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA 99 上一页 下一页 局域网链路层协议 A: sense channel, if idle then { transmit and monitor the channel; If detect another transmission then { abort and send jam signal; update # collisions; delay as required by exponential backoff algorithm; goto A } else {done with the frame; set collisions to zero} } else {wait until ongoing transmission is over and goto A} 上一页 100 下一页 局域网链路层协议 Jam Signal: make sure all other transmitters are aware of collision; 48 bits; Exponential Backoff: first collision for given packet: choose K randomly from {0,1}; delay is K x 512 bit transmission times after second collision: choose K randomly from {0,1,2,3}... After next collision double K (and keep doubling on collisions until...) after ten or more collisions, choose K randomly fro