细胞核与染色体PPT.ppt

第十章 细胞核与染色体(nucleus and chromosome);第十章 细胞核与染色体(nucleus and chromosome);第一节 核被膜与核孔复合体;一、Nuclear Envelope;结构组成;;二、Nuclear Pore Complex, NPC;结构模型;核孔复合体成份的研究; gp210：结构性跨膜蛋白; p62：功能性的核孔复合体蛋白;核孔复合体的功能;通过核孔复合体的主动运输;亲核蛋白与核定位信号;亲核蛋白入核转运的步骤;转录产物RNA的核输出;第二节 染色质 ;一、染色质的概念及化学组成;染色质概念;染色体DNA;基因组 (genome);DNA Content of Selected Genomes;DNA分子一级结构具有多样性; DNA Fingerprints from a Mouse Case. DNA was isolated from bloodstains on the defendant’s clothes and compared, by RFLP analysis, with DNA from the defendant and DNA from the victim. The band pattern for the bloodstain DNA matches that for the victim, showing that the blood on the defendant’s clothes came from the victim.;DNA二级结构具有多形性 (polymorphism);A、B和Z型DNA的比较（引自Genes Ⅵ, 稍加补充）;DNA构型的生物学意义 ;The binding of a gene regulatory protein to DNA;染色体蛋白质;组蛋白 (histone);非组蛋白;非组蛋白的不同结构模式;(b) The λ repressor, a helix-turn- helix protein, bound to DNA.;　二、染色质的基本结构单位　　　—— 核小体 (nucleosome);主要实验证据; Evidence That Proteins Are Clustered at 200 Base-Pair Intervals along the DNA Molecule in Chromatin Fibers. In these experiments, DNA fragments generated by nuclease digestion of rat liver chromatin were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. The discovery that the DNA fragments are multiples of 200 base pairs suggests that histones are clustered at 200 base-pair intervals along the DNA, thereby conferring a regular pattern of protection against nuclease digestion. ;Evidence for the Existence of Nucleosomes. Chromatin that had been partially degraded by treatment with micrococcal nuclease was fractionated by density gradient centrifugation (center graph). The individual peaks were then analyzed both by electron microscopy (bottom) and by gel electrophoresis after removal of chromatin proteins (top). The peak on the right consists of single protein particles associated with 200 base pairs of DNA, the middle peak consists of clusters of two particles associated with 400 base pairs of DNA, and the peak on the left con