武汉大学博士英语结课考试及答案.docxVIP

段落分析Concept-definingContent 内容（from paragraph level）1 Topic 话题（特点general笼统）2 Aspect (supporting sentence)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为from technology to societyfrom individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构3 Perspective (point of view)角度+ Key words=thesis 论点+evidence论据=theme主题（main idea）+aspects方面4 Form/Function形式（passage level）Structure: the organization of the whole articleIntroduction (what)Body (why)Conclusion (how)Paragraph development1 Skill/Pattern；Fact/DetailStatistics统计Examples例证Statements阐述Quotation引言2 Method针对所选用的skill的方法topic ordercausal order = cause and effectspatial order = space orderchronological order = time orderproblem and solutionmeans and endsprocess and resultclassificationhierarchical structure 分层次、等级的(from least to most)antithesis对偶、排比progression递进(a gradual process of change or developing over period of time)comparison (相似) and contrast(差异) 对比3 Logic relationship (from passage level) (what, why, how)1)Cause and effect因果关系=why how2)Means and ends = process and purpose = how手段和目的；过程和目的3)Topic/idea and reason (introduction)= what why4)Problem and solution = what how5)Example = howDeveloping Paragraph/Body(正文/主体)Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分Common Methods of Developmentexemplification例证facts事实citation引证comparison and contrast比较与对比analysis分析classification分类Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词2)from the most important to the least important or vice verse由重到轻，反之亦然3)general principle by classification:总原则（分类）from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理from individual to social aspects从个体到社会from oneself to others从自身到他人from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接from physi