CCD光源成像.pptVIP

CCD與燈源 1.CCD介紹 2.取像光源介紹 CCD 結構 灰階影像與像素 CCD介紹 CCD（Charge Coupled Device ，感光耦合元件〉為取像系統中可記錄光線變化的半導體 CCD 主要材質為矽晶半導體，透過光電效應，由感光元件表面感應來源光線，從而轉換成儲存電荷的能力。 當 CCD 表面接受到光線照射時， 即會將光線的能量轉換成電荷，光線越強、電荷也就越多，這些電荷就成為判斷光線強弱大小的依據。 CCD 元件上安排有通道線路，將這些電荷傳輸至放大解碼原件，就能還原 所有CCD上感光元件產生的訊號，並構成了一幅完整的畫面。 CMOS介紹 CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)和CCD一樣同為光線變化的半導體 ，外觀上幾乎無分軒輊。 CMOS的製造技術和CCD 不同，反而比較接近一般電腦晶片。CMOS 的材質主要是利用矽和鍺這兩種元素所做成的半導體，使其在CMOS上共存著帶負電與帶正電的半導體，這兩個互補效應所產生的電流即可被處理晶片紀錄和解讀成影像。 CMOS因為在畫素的旁邊就放置了訊號放大器，導致其缺點容易出現雜點 特別是處理快速變化的影像時，由於電流變化過於頻繁而會產生過熱的現象，更使得雜訊難以抑制。 CCD vs. CMOS Noise, Gain, and Gamma CCD Noises: There are two sources for the noise in CCDs. One of these is imperfections in the chip, which result in effects like non-uniform dark current and crosstalk. Another source is thermal noise and other electronic variations. CCD Gain: The gain setting controls the amplification of the signal coming from the CCD chip. It should be noted that this amplifies the whole signal, including any associated background noise. Most cameras have automatic gain (autogain or AGC), and some enable the user to turn it off and set it manually. Gamma: (greater than unity or less than unity) The gamma setting controls the grayscale reproduced on the image. Gamma can be seen as the ability to stretch one side (either black or white) of the dynamic range of the pixel. This control is often used in signal processing to raise the signal-to-noise ratio. Nyquist Limit Nyquist LimitThe limiting resolution of the CCD camera is determined by its Nyquist limit. This is defined as being one half of the sampling frequency (i.e. #pixels/mm). For example, the Sony XC-ST30 is a monochrome high resolution CCD camera and its sensor’s active area has 768 horizontal pixels in 4.8mm. This represents a horizontal sampling frequency of 160 pixels/mm. The Nyquist limit in this example would be defined as 80 lp/mm. What is Autofocus? CCD and PC Interface Interlaced vs. Progressive Scan Frame Rate vs. Shutter Speed T