专业外语教学资料 专业英语－13 introduction to control engineering.ppt

English in Electric Automation Sunny Shen 13Introduction toControl Engineering In recent times there has been a considerable advance made in the art of automatic control. 近期，在自动控制策略方面已经取得了很大的进步。 An undesirable feature which accompanies a system which has been designed to be very sensitive to speed changes is the tendency to ‘hunt’ or oscillate about the final speed. The real problem in the synthesis of all systems of this type is to prevent excessive oscillation but at the same time produce good ‘regulation’. 对于被设计成对速度变化非常敏感的系统来说，一个不希望有的特性是在最终速度附近的“摆动”或振荡。所有这类系统综合的真正问题是要在获得良好的调整率的同时，防止有过大的振荡。 Regulation is defined as the percentage change in controlled quantity on load relative to the value of the controlled quantity under condition of zero load. 调整率定义为负载条件下被控量相对空载条件下被控量数值的百分比变化。 Classic work was performed by N. Minorsky in the USA in the early 1920’s on the automatic steering of ships and the automatic positioning of board ships. 早在本世纪20年代，美国的N.米诺斯基在船舶的自动驾驶和舰载炮的自动定位方面完成了经典工作. He defined a servomechanism as ‘a power amplifying device in which the amplifier element driving the output is actuated by the difference between the input to the servo and its output ’ . 他将伺服系统定义为“由伺服系统的输入与输出的差值激励的功率放大装置，用于驱动输出”。 Even nowadays complete academic design of process control systems is virtually impossible owing to our poor understanding of the dynamics of processes. 由于我们对过程动力学缺乏了解，所以直到今天，也实质上无法得到关于过程控制的完整的理论设计。 In a simple closed-loop system, the controller is no longer actuated by the input but the ‘error’. 在简单的闭环系统里，控制器不再受输入而是受“偏差”激励。 The speed of response to changes in load is also very much faster than that of the open-loop system. 对于负载变化的响应速度也比开环系统的响应速度快得多。 A detailed description of some of the devices used in control systems will be given. 后面将给出用于控制系统的一些部件的详细说明。 The regulator, whose object is to maintain the value of some physical quantity at a fixed level in spite of disturbances, is an important example of a closed-loop system. 调节器是闭环系统的一个重要例子，其目标是即使有扰动也要将某些物理量维持