化工专业英语-Unit8PPT.ppt

After completing this unit, you should be able to: ; Petroleum, the product of natural changes in organic materials over millennia(数千年）, has accumulated beneath (在……的下方 ) the earth’s surface in almost unbelievable quantities and has been discovered by humans and used to meet（满足） our varied fuel wants. ; Because it is a mixture of thousands of organic substances, it has proved adaptable to ( (使)适应，适合) our changing needs. ; It has been adapted, through changing patterns of processing or refining, to the manufacture of a variety of fuels and through chemical changes to the manufacture of a host of pure chemical substances, the petrochemicals（石化产品） .; Modern units operate continuously. First a tubular heater（管式加热器） supplies hot oil to an efficient distillation column（蒸馏柱） which separates the material by boiling points into products similar to those obtained with the batch still（间歇蒸馏釜）, but more cleanly separated; then later units convert the less salable（畅销的） parts of the crude (the so-called bottom half of the barrel) into desired salable products. ;1.Constituents of Petroleum (石油的组成 ) ;Aliphatics（脂肪族）, or open chain hydrocarbons （脂肪族，或开链烃化合物 ） ; Iso-Paraffin Series or Iso-alkanes,CnH2n+2. These branched chain materials perform better in internal-combustion engines（内燃机） than n-paraffins and hence are considered more desirable. They may be formed by catalytic reforming, alkylation, and polymerization. Only small amounts exist in crudes. ;Olefin(石蜡), or Alkene（烯烃） Series, CnH2n. This series is generally absent in crudes, but refining processes such as cracking (making smaller molecules from large ones) produce them. These relatively unstable molecules improve the antiknock（抗爆） quality of gasoline, although not as effectively as iso-paraffins（异链烷类）. On storage they polymerize and oxidized, which is undesirable （不受欢迎的、不良的、有害的 ）. ;This very tendency to react, however, makes them useful for forming other compounds,