计算机系统结构与并行处理1dl5sjgn.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 三要素 CPU性能取决于3个要素： Clock cycle time—Hardware technology and organization clock cycles per instruction(CPI)—Organization and instruction set architecture Instruction count（IC）—Instruction set architecture and compiler technology * * CPU time CPU time =Instruction count ×Clock cycle time ×Cycles per instruction * * * * Example Suppose we have made the following measurements: Frequency of FP operations (other than FPSQR) = 25% Average CPI of FP operations = 4.0 Average CPI of other instructions = 1.33 Frequency of FPSQR= 2% CPI of FPSQR = 20 Assume that the two design alternatives are to decrease the CPI of FPSQR to 2 or to decrease the average CPI of all FP operations to 2.5. Compare these two design alternatives using the CPU performance equation. * * =2-(4.0-2.5) ×25%=1.625 * * 局部性原理 4、程序访问的局部性原理 经统计：一段时间90％的时间去执行10％的程序代码，即大部分时间是访问程序的局部空间。 程序访问的局部性是构建存储体系和建立Cache的理论基础。 * * * * 参考 中文书pp.9～13：计算机系统的结构、组成、实现，等级、系列机、模拟与仿真 中文书pp.13～15：计算机系统设计的定量原则 外文书pp. 1～17 ， 21～24， 39～42 ：Fundamentals of Computer Design * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * The Task of the Computer Designer-10 Application software often drives the choice of certain functional requirements by determining how the machine will be used. If a large body of software exists for a certain instruction set architecture, the architect may decide that a new machine should implement an existing instruction set. * * The Task of the Computer Designer-11 The presence of a large market for a particular class of applications might encourage the designers to incorporate requirements that would make the machine competitive in that market. Figure 1.4 summarizes some requirements that need to be considered in designing a new machine. Many of these requirements and features will be examined in depth in later chapters. * * The Task of the Computer Designer-12 Once a set of functional requirements has been established, the archi