计算机网络与通信Chapter3.ppt

TCP throughput What’s the average throughout ot TCP as a function of window size and RTT? Ignore slow start Let W be the window size when loss occurs. When window is W, throughput is W/RTT Just after loss, window drops to W/2, throughput to W/2RTT. Average throughout: .75 W/RTT Transport Layer 3-* TCP Futures Example: 1500 byte segments, 100ms RTT, want 10 Gbps throughput Requires window size W = 83,333 in-flight segments Throughput in terms of loss rate: ? L = 2?10-10 Wow New versions of TCP for high-speed needed! Transport Layer 3-* TCP Fairness Fairness goal: if K TCP sessions share same bottleneck link of bandwidth R, each should have average rate of R/K Transport Layer 3-* TCP connection 1 bottleneck router capacity R TCP connection 2 Why is TCP fair? Two competing sessions: Additive increase gives slope of 1, as throughout increases multiplicative decrease decreases throughput proportionally Transport Layer 3-* R R equal bandwidth share Connection 1 throughput Connection 2 throughput congestion avoidance: additive increase loss: decrease window by factor of 2 congestion avoidance: additive increase loss: decrease window by factor of 2 Fairness (more) Fairness and UDP Multimedia apps often do not use TCP do not want rate throttled by congestion control Instead use UDP: pump audio/video at constant rate, tolerate packet loss Research area: TCP friendly Fairness and parallel TCP connections nothing prevents app from opening parallel cnctions between 2 hosts. Web browsers do this Example: link of rate R supporting 9 cnctions; new app asks for 1 TCP, gets rate R/10 new app asks for 11 TCPs, gets R/2 ! Transport Layer 3-* Delay modeling Q: How long does it take to receive an object from a Web server after sending a request? Ignoring congestion, delay is influenced by: TCP connection establishment data transmission delay slow start Notation, assumptions: Assume one link between client and server of rate R S: MSS (bits) O: object size (bits) no retransmi