光学工程基础-7. Optical Components.pdfVIP

Chapter 7 Optical Components 7.1 Introduction All optical instruments or systems contain a series of optical components. Each of these components has a specific function involving the collection, refraction, reflection, or deviation of the light coming from the object. This chapter is intended to give the reader a basic level of familiarity with this family of optical components. Armed with this information, the optical engineer will be better equipped to specify, design, and analyze a broad range of optical systems. The three optical components most commonly encountered are: the lens, the mirror, and the prism. Each of these will be described here in some detail, including a discussion of typical applications and performance limitations. 7.2 Lens The simple lens is a primary component in nearly all optical systems. When a bundle of light rays emerges from a point on the object and is incident on a positive lens, those light rays will be refracted by the lens and they will be brought to a focus, forming an image of the original object point. A simple lens element can be described and thoroughly analyzed if the following detailed parameters are known: • lens material • radius of both lens surfaces • lens center thickness • lens diameter. In those cases where a substantial spectral bandwidth is to be imaged, it will be found that, due to dispersion of the glass, the image quality of a single lens element will rarely be adequate. In most cases, as touched on in the discussion of axial color (Sec. 6.8), the single-lens design must be achromatized. This will result in a two-element, or doublet, form of the simple lens. The two elements of the doublet may be cemented, or they may be air spaced. It is the designer’s ta