显微镜的光学设计-9. Microlens Formats.pdfVIP

Chapter 9 Microlens Formats Most camera lenses are designed for a range of 500 mm to ∞. This range accommodates both a head shot and a landscape. A typical camera lens for a 35- mm-film format is 52 mm in focal length. According to Eq. (3.7), a magnification of 0.1 requires an object distance of 11f , or 550 mm. This may also be considered a 10X reduction. The performance of a typical camera lens degrades rapidly beyond a 0 to 10X reduction range. The terms macrolens and microlens are interchangeable. In photography, a macrolens converts a small object into a large image within a print. In microscopy, a microlens looks at a small object. They both operate within a reduction range of 10XR to 1X. A magnification range of 1X to 10X is achieved by simply reversing the lens. Nikon frequently employs microlens as the name for a lens with near-unity magnification. 9.1 10XR Double Gauss Figure 9.1 displays a 10XR double-Gauss lens for application to a film format with a 35-mm diagonal. The lens, as described in Smith,12 indicates a large spherical aberration and a decreasing relative illumination with field height. The decreased relative illumination indicatesf /# inflation with field angle. Rays of the off-axis field must be clipped to manage astigmatism. Inflation of f /# with field angle is a characteristic of a double-Gauss lens. The actual field is adapted to a sensor with a 12-mm diagonal, or 6.0-mm field height, or 6.9-deg field angle. Thef /# inflation at 6.9 deg is 1%. The ray-intercept plot indicates enormous aberration at a 6.0-mm field height. The tangential error indicates 154 μm of spherical aberration. The sagittal error indicates 51 μm of spherical aberration. The edge spread is nearly 40