岩浆岩石学Ch 13 Mid-Ocean Rifts.ppt

Chapter 13: Mid-Ocean Rifts The Mid-Ocean Ridge System Ridge Segments and Spreading Rates Oceanic Crust and Upper Mantle Structure Typical Ophiolite Layer 1 A thin layer of pelagic sediment  Petrography and Major Element Chemistry A “typical” MORB is an olivine tholeiite with low K2O ( 0.2%) and low TiO2 ( 2.0%) Only glass is certain to represent liquid compositions The major element chemistry of MORBs Originally considered to be extremely uniform, interpreted as a simple petrogenesis More extensive sampling has shown that they display a (restricted) range of compositions The major element chemistry of MORBs MgO and FeO Al2O3 and CaO SiO2 Na2O, K2O, TiO2, P2O5 Conclusions about MORBs, and the processes beneath mid-ocean ridges MORBs are not the completely uniform magmas that they were once considered to be They show chemical trends consistent with fractional crystallization of olivine, plagioclase, and perhaps clinopyroxene MORBs cannot be primary magmas, but are derivative magmas resulting from fractional crystallization (~ 60%) Fast ridge segments (EPR) ? a broader range of compositions and a larger proportion of evolved liquids (magmas erupted slightly off the axis of ridges are more evolved than those at the axis itself) Trace Element and Isotope Chemistry REE diagram for MORBs E-MORBs (squares) enriched over N-MORBs (red triangles): regardless of Mg# Lack of distinct break suggests three MORB types E-MORBs La/Sm 1.8 N-MORBs La/Sm 0.7 T-MORBs (transitional) intermediate values N-MORBs: 87Sr/86Sr 0.7035 and 143Nd/144Nd 0.5030, ? depleted mantle source E-MORBs extend to more enriched values ? stronger support distinct mantle reservoirs for N-type and E-type MORBs Conclusions: MORBs have 1 source region The mantle beneath the ocean basins is not homogeneous N-MORBs tap an upper, depleted mantle E-MORBs tap a deeper enriched source T-MORBs = mixing of N- and E- magmas during ascent and/or in shallow chambers Experimental data: parent was multiply