第5章光纤波导.pptVIP

5.3.4 InhomogeneitiesUnintentional imperfections in the glass cause additional scattering losses. Rough core to cladding interface produces more loss. These losses are minimized by careful manufacturing processes. Low-water-content single-mode fiber loss Spectral Band Classification Scheme OTDR工作原理 其工作原理为：光源在脉冲发生器的控制下，产生光脉冲，经光耦合器和面板上的活动连接器注入被测光纤中去。 光脉冲在光纤上传输时，沿途受到直径比光波长还小的散射粒子的散射，散射光向各个方向传播，其中向光纤输出端方向散射的光将在光纤中继续传播，而向入射方向传播的一部分光称为背向散射光。 OTDR工作原理 向前传播的光遇到光纤端面或断裂面将产生菲涅尔反射，这些反射光和散射光将返回仪表，利用光耦合器可将这些返回的光信号送入光接收机，将其变成电信号并放大，通过平均化处理以改善信噪比，最后显示器进行显示。 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 ATTENUATION (dB/km) WAVELENGTH (?m) 0.5 0.6 0.7 1 1.2 1.5 2 3 5 10 Absorption for a Silica Glass Fiber Glass Absorption in UV Glass Absorption in IR Absorption 2. Impurities (a) Metal ions Fe, Cu, and Ni, absorb light in the 0.6 - 1.6 ?m range. The fiber must be free of these impurities. (b) Hydroxyl ion (OH) This is the most important impurity. Peak OH absorption occurs at 2.73, 1.37, 1.23，0.95 ?m. Absorption 3. Atomic Defects Gamma ray, x-ray, neutron, and electron bombardment cause atomic changes which are absorbing. Some fibers darken when irradiated and later clear up when the radiation is removed. Absorption 5.3.3 Rayleigh Scattering The molecules in glass are randomly located. Why? The glass was formed using heat, which caused a random movement of the molecules. When the glass solidified the molecules were frozen in their random locations. The result is a random density. This yields a random refractive index through the material. Thus, photons will be scattered at the random boundaries of the changing refractive indices. * Rayleigh Scattering is the scattering of electromagnetic waves by objects having size small compared to the wavelength. The amount of scattering varies as As ? decreases the scattering increases greatly. Rayleigh Scattering Recall the expression for a traveling wave having attenuation. It is The loss can be e