表面物理与表面分析2.pptVIP

Reflection Symmetry The reflection symmetry means the lattice is invariant by a reflection operation with respect to a lattice line. In the reflection operation, one line of the lattices is fixed. No refection symmetry 1m 2mm 4mm 1m 2mm 1m 2mm 3m 6mm Rotation Reflection 10 Point group Glide Symmetry Mirror reflection + Translation ? 17 Space group Miller Indices ?( h k l ) We need a method to notate the surface, which is known as Miller Indices. The orientation of a surface or a crystal plane (Miller Indices) are defined by considering how the plane (or indeed any parallel plane) intersects the main crystallographic axes of the solid. Step 1 : ? Find intercepts on the x, y and z axes. Intercepts : ?3a , 2b, 1c Step 2 : ? Take reciprocals. The reciprocals are:??(a/3a, b/2b, c/1c), i. e.? (1/3,1/2,1) Step 3 : ? Reduce to smallest integers. Miller Indices : ?(2,3,6) So the surface/plane illustrated is the (236) plane. Example: Intercepts : ?a , ?, ? Reciprocals:??(1, 0, 0) Miller Indices : (100) Intercepts : a , a, ? Reciprocals:??(1, 1, 0) Miller Indices : (110) Common Planes (Cubic System) Intercepts : ??1/2a, a, ? Reciprocals:??(2,1,0) Miller Indices : (210) Intercepts : a, a, a Reciprocals:??(1,1,1) Miller Indices : (111) Notes for Miller indices If any of the intercepts are negative, the Miller indices are denoted, for example: (00 -1) is instead by . Miller indices are usually multiplied or divided by an integer to simplify them, for example:??(200) is transformed to (100) by divided by 2 . (100), ( 00) , (200), (300) are parallel {100} {111} (111), (222), (333) are parallel (100), (010), (001) are orthogonal and in some crystal systems may be identical In the hcp crystal system, four Miller indices are used by convention (only three are independent) Crystallographic directions Vectors should pass through the origin (but can be translated); The length of the ve