[理学]数据库系统概念原书第5版英文第十章ppt.pptVIP

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[理学]数据库系统概念原书第5版英文第十章ppt.ppt

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[理学]数据库系统概念原书第5版英文第十章ppt

* Dept. of Comp. Sci. Tech., Tongji Uni. * Equivalence Rules (Cont.) The set operations union and intersection are commutative E1 ? E2 = E2 ? E1 E1 ? E2 = E2 ? E1 (set difference is not commutative). Set union and intersection are associative. (E1 ? E2) ? E3 = E1 ? (E2 ? E3) (E1 ? E2) ? E3 = E1 ? (E2 ? E3) The selection operation distributes over ?, ? and –. ?? (E1 – E2) = ?? (E1) – ??(E2) and similarly for ? and ? in place of –Also: ?? (E1 – E2) = ??(E1) – E2 and similarly for ? in place of –, but not for ? 12.The projection operation distributes over union ?L(E1 ? E2) = (?L(E1)) ? (?L(E2)) * Dept. of Comp. Sci. Tech., Tongji Uni. * Transformation Example Query: Find the names of all customers who have an account at some branch located in Brooklyn.?customer-name(?branch-city = “Brooklyn” (branch (account depositor))) Transformation using rule 7a. ?customer-name ((?branch-city =“Brooklyn” (branch)) (account depositor)) Performing the selection as early as possible reduces the size of the relation to be joined. * Dept. of Comp. Sci. Tech., Tongji Uni. * Example with Multiple Transformations Query: Find the names of all customers with an account at a Brooklyn branch whose account balance is over $1000.?customer-name((?branch-city = “Brooklyn” ? balance 1000 (branch (account depositor))) Transformation using join associatively (Rule 6a):?customer-name((?branch-city = “Brooklyn” ? balance 1000 (branch (account)) depositor) Second form provides an opportunity to apply the “perform selections early” rule, resulting in the subexpression ?branch-city = “Brooklyn” (branch) ? balance 1000 (account) Thus a sequence of transformations can be useful * Dept. of Comp. Sci. Tech., Tongji Uni. * Multiple Transformations (Cont.) * Dept. of C