[工学]数字通信 proakis 第四章课件.ppt

LinkAir Confidential Digital Communications Haitao liu Civil Aviation University of China，Communication Engineering , 2006 Summary: Once we have construct the set of orthonormal waveform , we can express the M signals as linear combinations of the . And where Each signal may be represented by a point in the N-dimensional signal space with coordinates Example: a. Find the first basis signal: b. Find the second basis signal: Calculate the projection of onto Calculate the error signal: The second basis signal Note: And are orthogonal 3.Find the third basis signal: Calculate the projection of onto Calculate the projection of onto Calculate the error signal: Therefore So a third basis signal is not required to represent Summary: Signal Space Diagram Proof of the Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Procedure Show that are orthogonal when determined by the Gram-Schmidt Procedure. Assume that are orthogonal for some Then ,for any Therefore is orthogonal with since are orthogonal. Since forms a one-dimensional orthogonal basis, it follows by recursion that are orthogonal. Also, since the signals are given by Note: When using the Gram-Schmidt Procedure it is sometimes helpful to use the following property 4-2-4 Normalized Cross-Correlation and Euclidean Distance as The similarity between any pair of signal waveforms, say and is measured by the normalized by normalized cross-correlation we define the complex-valued cross-correlation coefficient as 1. The normalized cross correlation then 2. the Euclidean distance between a pair of signals when for all and 4.3 Representation of digitally modulated signals The task of Modulator Maps the digital information into analog waveforms which mat