(Ecotect教程)sunlight.pptVIP

Key definitions Solid angle: A solid slice of space starting from a point and extending to infinity in a region of directions that can be indicated by an area on the unit sphere. Steradian (sr): The unit used to measure solid angle. The unit sphere consists of 4pi steradians. Flux: Flow per unit of area per unit of time. Measuring light Luminous Flux : Measures light transmission The amount of light travelling in some direction. Units: lumens (lm) = 1/683 Watts = 1/683 J/s Luminous Intensity : Measures light production A measure of the amount of light output by a source Units: candles (cd) = lumen/sr Illuminance : Measures light incidence The amount of light falling on 1 m2 of a particular surface. Units: lux (lx) = 1 lumen/m2 Luminance : Measures light reflection A measure of the brightness of a particular surface Units: Nits = cd/m2 = lumens/sr.m2 Sun path diagram - Munich Sun position Azimuth : the horizontal clockwise angle of the sun relative to true north Altitude : the vertical angle the sun makes with the horizontal ground plane. Seasonal variation South North Summer Solstice : 22 Dec : 22 Jun : sun at its highest noon altitude Autumn Equinox : 21 Mar : 21 Sep Winter Solstice : 21 Jun : 21 Dec : sun at its lowest noon altitude Spring Equinox : 21 Sep : 21 Mar Shadows Shadows projected from the position of the sun Shadows Shadows Shadows Reflections Shadows Reflections Reflections Reflections Reflections Reflections Reflections Reflections Shadow diagrams Shadow diagrams Shadow diagrams Shadow diagrams Shadow diagrams Sunlight problems As a source of light, the sun has some problems: The sun moves The sun can be obstructed (clouds, trees, buildings, etc) The sun changes in intensity throughout the year The sun can cause glare The aim of good shading design is often: Complete exclusion in summer Maximum exposure in winter. Solar windows Consider an imaginary hemisphere surrounding some point. Project lin