chapter 16-已改-定稿.pdf

Part TheGlobalEnvironment Part TheGlobalEnvironment PPaarrttⅤTThheeGGlloobbaallEEnnvviirroonnmmeenntt Chapter16DynamicsofEcosystems ConceptOutline 16.1Ecosystemsarestructured bywhoeatswhom. 16.1Ecosystemsarestructured bywhoeatswhom. 1166..11EEccoossyysstteemmssaarreessttrruuccttuurreeddbbyywwhhooeeaattsswwhhoomm.. TrophicLevels. TrophicLevels. TTrroopphhiiccLLeevveellss..Energypassesthroughecosystemsinalimitednumberofsteps,typicallythreeorfour. 16.2Energyflowsthrough ecosystems. 16.2Energyflowsthrough ecosystems. 1166..22EEnneerrggyyfflloowwsstthhrroouugghheeccoossyysstteemmss.. Primary Productivity. Primary Productivity. PPrriimmaarryy PPrroodduuccttiivviittyy.. Plants produce biomass by photosynthesis, while animals produce biomass by consumingplantsorotheranimals. TheEnergyinFood Chains. TheEnergyinFood Chains. TThheeEEnneerrggyyiinnFFooooddCChhaaiinnss..Asenergypassesthroughanecosystem,agooddealislostateachstep. Ecological Pyramids. Ecological Pyramids. EEccoollooggiiccaallPPyyrraammiiddss.. The biomass of a trophic level is less, the farther it is from the primary production ofphotosynthesizers（进行光合作用） . Interactions amongDifferentTrophic Levels. Interactions amongDifferentTrophic Levels. IInntteerraaccttiioonnssaammoonnggDDiiffffeerreennttTTrroopphhiiccLLeevveellss.. Processesononetrophiclevel canhaveeffects onhigherorlowerlevels ofthefoodchain. 16.3Biodiversitypromotesecosystemstability. 16.3Biodiversitypromotesecosystemstability. 1166..33BBiiooddiivveerrssiittyypprroommootteesseeccoossyysstteemmssttaabbiilliittyy.. EffectsofSpecies Richness EffectsofSpecies Richness EEffffeeccttssooffSSppeecciieessRRiicchhnneessss.Species-rich communitiesaremoreproductiveandresistant todisturbance. Causes of