食品专业论文外文翻译4.docxVIP

外文文献：Refrigerant HistoryThe first practical refrigerating machine was built by Jacob Perkins in 1834; it used ether in a vapor-compression cycle. The first absorption machine was developed by Edmond Carr? in 1850, using water and sulfuric acid. His brother, Ferdinand Carr? demonstrated an ammonia/water refrigeration machine in 1859. A mixture called chemogene, consisting of petrol ether and naphtha, was patented as a refrigerant for vapor-compression systems in 1866. Carbon dioxide was introduced as a refrigerant in the same year. Ammonia was first used in vapor-compression systems in 1873, sulfur dioxide and methyl ether in 1875, and methyl chloride in 1878. Dichloroethene (dilene) was used in Willis Carriers first centrifugal compressors, and was replaced with methylene chloride in 1926. Nearly all of the early refrigerants were flammable, toxic, or both, and some also were highly reactive. Accidents were common. The task of finding a nonflammable refrigerant with good stability was given to Thomas Midgley in 1926. He already had established himself by finding tetraethyl lead, to improve the octane rating of gasoline.With his associates Henne and McNary, Midgley observed that the refrigerants then in use comprised relatively few chemical elements, clustered in an intersecting row and column of the periodic table of elements. The element at the intersection was fluorine, known to be toxic by itself. Midgley and his collaborators felt, however, that compounds containing it should be both nontoxic and nonflammable.Their attention was drawn to organic fluorides by an error in the literature. It showed the boiling point for tetrafluoromethane (carbon tetrafluoride) to be high compared to those for other fluorinated compounds. The correct boiling temperature later was found to be much lower. Nevertheless, the incorrect value was in the range sought and led to evaluation of organic fluorides as candidates. The shorthand convention, later introduced to simplify identifica