国际投资与国际贸易中的产品周期[外文翻译].docVIP

（2011届） 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 INTERNATIONAL INVESTMENT AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE PRODUCT CYCLE* RAYMOND VERNON Location of new products,191.-The maturing product,1996.-The standardized product,202. Anyone who has sought to understand the shifts in international trade and international investment over the past twenty years has chafed from time to time under an acute sense of the inadequacy of the available analytical tools. While the comparative cost con-cept and other basic concepts have rarely failed to provide help, they have usually carried the analyst only a very little toward adequate understanding. For the most part, it has necessary to formulate new concepts in order to explore issues as the strengths and limitations of import substitution development process, the implications of common market ments for trade and investment, the underlying reasons Leontief paradox, and other critical issues of the day. As theorists have groped for some been a flowering in international trade more efficient tools and capital theory.There has But the very proliferation of theory has increased the urgency of the search for uning concepts. It is doubtful that we shall find ositions that can match the application of the theory of many prop-simplicity, power, and universality of comparative advantage and the inter-national equilibrating mechanism; but unless the search for better tools goes on, the usefulness of economic theory for the solution of problems in international trade and capital movements will probably decline. The present paper deals with one promising line of generalization and synthesis which seems to me to have been somewhat neglected by the main stream of trade theory. It puts less emphasis upon comparative cost doctrine and more upon the timing of innovation, the effects of scale economies, and the roles of ignorance and uncertainty in influencing trade patterns. It is an approach with respectable spons