核辐射图解.doc

Normal operation 正常状态 In operation since the early 1970s, Japans Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant uses six boiling water reactors, which rely on  HYPERLINK /app/w/uranium \t _blank uranium nuclear  HYPERLINK /app/w/fission \t _blank fission to generate heat. Water surrounding the core boils into steam that drives turbines to generate electricity. 从19世纪70年代投入运行以来，日本福岛第一核电站利用六个沸水堆，通过铀核裂变来产生热能。核心周围的水沸腾后变成水蒸气，推动涡轮从而发电。 The reactor vessel is surrounded by a thick steel-and-concrete primary containment vessel, equipped with a water  HYPERLINK /app/w/reservoir \t _blank reservoir designed to suppress overheating of the vessel. 反应堆由一个钢与混凝土构成的厚实外壳（第一层安全壳）保护着，另外还配有一个蓄水库，防止反应堆过热。 The suppression pool is designed to protect the primary vessel if the core gets too hot. Valves release steam into the pool, where it condenses, relieving dangerous pressure. 当核心过热时，抑压池可以起到保护第一层安全壳的作用。这时阀门会打开，水蒸气就能进入抑压池内冷凝，减缓压力过大造成的危险。 Earthquake damage 地震时 The earthquake initiated a rapid shutdown of the reactors, but the disaster cut power to controls and pumps, and the tsunami disabled backup generators. New  HYPERLINK /app/w/diesel \t _blank diesel generators were delivered after batteries used to control the operation of the reactor were exhausted. 周五的地震切断了各种控制系统和水泵的电力供应，而海啸又使备用发电机组无法工作。在控制反应堆运作的电池报废后，不得不启用第二套柴油发电机。 Since the quake hit, fuel rods in the cores of reactor 1, 2 and 3 have overheated because of a lack of cooling water. 自地震以来，由于冷却用水的缺少，1、2、3号反应堆核心中的燃料棒一直处于过热状态。 Control rods were inserted into the cores to stop fission, but cores need several days to cool down. 控制棒已经插入，但是核心需要好几天时间来冷却。 Trying to cool the reactors 尝试冷却反应堆 Cores in units 1, 2 and 3 heated up to the extent that the  HYPERLINK /app/w/zirconium \t _blank zirconium covering the fuel reacted with steam, releasing  HYPERLINK /app/w/hydrogen \t _blank hydrogen gas. Hydrogen collected in the secondary containment buildings, where it exploded, blowing the tops off units 1 and 3, and damaging the cooling system of