[经济学]第一部分 国际贸易概述包括国际分工与世界市场经济班.pptVIP

（二）相对价格与交换比率 1. 相对价格(Relative Prices) The relative price of good X (cheese) in terms of good Y (wine) is the amount of good Y (wine) that can be exchanged for one unit of good X (cheese). Examples of relative prices: If a price of a can of Coke is $0.5, then the relative price of Coke is the amount of $ that can be exchanged for one unit of Coke, which is 0.5. The relative price of a $ in terms of Coke is 2 cans of Coke per dollar. A国出口1单位的粮食到B国，最低要交换到0.6单位的衣服，否则不如自己生产衣服，最高只能交换到1.25单位的衣服，超过这个界限B国就会退出交换。反过来，B国出口1单位衣服到A国，最少要交换到0.8单位粮食，否则不如自己生产粮食，最多只得交换到1.67单位的粮食，超出这个界限A国便会退出贸易。只要双方按照双方可接受的价格来进行交换，两国都能获得比没有贸易分工时更多的商品，增加本国公民实际的物质福利 A国 1F：0.6+C～1.25-C B国 1C：0.8+F～1.67-F 2. Consumer and Producer Surplus Consumer surplus It measures the amount a consumer gains from a purchase by the difference between the price he actually pays and the price he would have been willing to pay. It can be derived from the market demand curve. Graphically, it is equal to the area under the demand curve and above the price. Example: Suppose a person is willing to pay $20 per packet of apples, but the price is only $5. Then, the consumer surplus gained by the purchase of a packet of apples is $15. Producer surplus It measures the amount a producer gains from a sale by the difference between the price he actually receives and the price at which he would have been willing to sell. It can be derived from the market supply curve. Graphically, it is equal to the area above the supply curve and below the price. Example: A producer willing to sell a good for $2 but receiving a price of $5 gains a producer surplus of $3. 贸易的好处 没有贸易的结果 有贸易的结果 贸易的好处 生产与消费 生产 贸易 消费 消费的增加 A国 30单位衣服 0单位衣服 换得50单位衣服 50单位衣服 20单位衣服 50单位粮食 100单位粮食 给50单位粮食 50单位粮食 50单位粮食 B国