History and Philosophy of Science Cognitive Systems Laboratory科学史和哲学认知系统实验室.pptVIP

History and Philosophyof Science Lecture 2 History and Philosophy of Science theories of explanation and scientific knowledge; views of discovery and justification in the sciences; perspectives on scientific progress and the distinction between normal and revolutionary science; narratives that reflect actual scientific practice and needs; and case studies to inspire novel informatics capabilities. The history and philosophy of science can inform our research in science informatics by providing As a result, a foundation in history and philosophy can lead us toward general informatics solutions as opposed to systems that address ad hoc, problem-specific scenarios. The Concerns of the Philosophy of Science the structure of scientific explanations; the form of scientific methodology; the methodology of scientific justification; the context of scientific discovery; and the nature of scientific progress. Philosophy of science is a broad discipline that investigates the concepts, activities, and interaction of scientists, including Although other topics also arise, the listed ones are the most relevant to science informatics. Scientific Explanation Scientific explanations emphasize the reasons why an event happened rather than a description of the event itself. In practice, scientific explanations combine situation specific conditions with general principles expressed as logical sentences; mathematical equations; qualitative graphic or linguistic accounts; computer programs; and other forms. Much of this work began with Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim’s Studies in the Logic of Explanation from 1948. Deductive-Nomological Explanation This view treats scientific explanations as deductive arguments where initial conditions and general laws imply observations. C1, C2, ..., Cm L1, L2, ..., Ln -------------------- E Statement of antecedent conditions Schema taken from Hempel and Oppenheim’s 1948 paper. Statement of general laws Description of the empirical phenomenon