[工学]25DirectionalDerivativesandGradients.pptVIP

思考题解答 Exercises: (1) Directional derivative in the inner direction of (2) Gradient at M . normal line along the curve Compute: at M. 2. If f(x) = x2+2y2+3z2+xy+3x-2y-6z , Compute: (3) How many points satisfy 2.5 Directional Derivatives and Gradients 方向导数 梯度 The partial derivatives fx(x,y) and fy(x,y) represent the rates of change of f(x,y) in directions parallel to the x- and y-axes. In this section, we will investigate rates of change of f(x,y) in other directions. 1. Directional Derivatives L l P(x,y) e P0(x0 ,y0) β ρ α o x y When f(x,y) changes along direction from to , the increment is L l P(x,y) e P0(x0 ,y0) β ρ α o x y Definition1. If P0 ( x0 , y0 ) ∈R2, e=(cosα, cosβ) is a unit vector of l in R2, change from (x0 ,y0) to (x0 +ρ cosα, y0 +ρ cosβ ) along Let (x, y) L l P(x,y) e P0(x0 ,y0) β Δx ρ Δy α o x y l parallel to e , exists, we call it the directional derivative of f at P0 ( x0 , y0 ) along l, and denote it by Remark: (1) Generally, if u=f (p) ,we can define the directional derivative at p along l by where lo is a unit vector of l and h 0 . Form the definition, we see that fx(x,y), e4={0,-1} respectively . fy(x,y) are directional derivatives of f along e1={1,0} and e2={0,1}respectively. And -fx(x,y) , -fy(x,y) are directional derivatives of f along e3={-1,0} and 2. How to find directional derivatives Theorem1 If f is differentiable, then all derivative at P0(x0 , y0) in direction l is given by where cosα, cosβ are the directional cosines of direction l . directional derivatives exist, and the directional Proof. Let l parallel L at P0(x0 , y0), Then x = x0 +t cosα = x0 +Δx, y = y0 +ρ cosβ = y0 +Δy, Δx ρ L l e P(x,y) P0(x0 ,y0) Δy α β o x y ∴ f (x0 + Δx, y0 + Δy )= Since f is differentiable , Therefore Note: Using Theorem 1, it is easy to compute the directional derivative in terms of the partial derivat