英语语言学 第七章.ppt

* Language change jet skiing snowboarding hydrospeeding twigloo netspeak open-collar workers newbie misper cash flow　 bottom line Netizen　　 bungee jumping 　 cyberspace Vertically challenged CDMA code division multiple access SOHO small office, home office DV digital video chat room Language is constantly changing as society develops and the way of people’s life change. Language changes in many aspects, such as the changes in phonology or we say change in sound, the changes in vocabulary or lexicon, changes in syntax in other words grammar and changes in meaning. An awareness of this point may help to better understand many linguistic phenomena around us. Among those aspects of changes, language change in vocabulary is the most prominent. kinds of changes Sound change Morphological and syntactic change Vocabulary change Morphological and syntactic change Change in “agreement” rule Change in negation rule Process of simplification Loss of inflections Vocabulary change Addition of new words Loss of words Changes in the meaning of words Vocabulary change 1. Addition of new words coinage(创新词) clipped words(截短词,混和词) acronyms(词首字母缩略词) back-formation(逆构词法) functional shift (word class shift) borrowing Coinage ----A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose, e.g. walkman Kodak Xerox Ford Benz Toyota Clipped words ----The abbreviation of longer words or phrases, e.g. gym—gymnasium memo—memorandum disco—discotheque fridge—refrigerator Blending ----A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words, e.g. smog—smoke + fog motel—motor + hotel camcorder—camera + recorder Acronyms Initialism ----Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words, e.g. CBS---- Columbia Broadcasting system ISBN----International Standard Book Number WTO WHO PLA AIDS UNESCO APEC OPEC CAD SARS Back-formation逆构词 ----New words may be co