[经济学]Ch16Equilibrium-.ppt

Chapter Sixteen Equilibrium Market Equilibrium A market is in equilibrium when total quantity demanded by buyers equals total quantity supplied by sellers. Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Can we calculate the market equilibrium using the inverse market demand and supply curves? Market Equilibrium Can we calculate the market equilibrium using the inverse market demand and supply curves? Yes, it is the same calculation. Market Equilibrium Two special cases: quantity supplied is fixed, independent of the market price, and quantity supplied is extremely sensitive to the market price. Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Two special cases are when quantity supplied is fixed, independent of the market price, and when quantity supplied is extremely sensitive to the market price. Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes A quantity tax levied at a rate of $t is a tax of $t paid on each unit traded. If the tax is levied on sellers then it is an excise tax.（消费税，货物税，执照税） If the tax is levied on buyers then it is a sales tax.(营业税) Quantity Taxes What is the effect of a quantity tax on a market’s equilibrium? How are prices affected? How is the quantity traded affected? Who pays the tax? How are gains-to-trade altered? Quantity Taxes A tax rate t makes the price paid by buyers, pb, higher by t from the price received by sellers, ps. Quantity Taxes Even with a tax the market must clear. I.e. quantity demanded by buyers at price pb must equal quantity supplied by sellers at price ps. Quantity Taxes Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity Taxes Market Equilibrium Quantity