[]土木工程专业英语12文档.pptVIP

第一座全铝制桥梁修建于1950年，加拿大魁北克南部的沙格奈河上。主跨是长88.4m、高14.5m的拱。整个结构均由2014 - T6铝合金制成，总重量150t . 在美国于1958年至1963年之间，有很大的兴趣将铝作为桥梁的建筑材料。洲际高速公路的克莱夫路（Clive Road）桥，世界上的第一座焊接铝桥梁。四跨连续高架桥，总长67 m、宽10.97 m。该桥第一次用了钢筋混凝土板，将其与铝上部结构结合在一起。铝合金具有较高的强度、可焊性和耐腐蚀性。 装配铝桥 荷兰建成可移动铝桥。阿姆斯特丹的Riekerhaven桥，2003年3月投入使用，是一座活动结构桥梁，有两孔，跨径分别为10和13m，上部结构包括由梯形断面挤压板制成的桥面板和板材制成的主梁，主梁高0.90m(图9)。赢得了欧洲铝行业奖。 Riekerhaven 桥 Hedel 附近的铝浮路,荷兰 Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability(耐久性), and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers（聚合物）, which are long chainlike compounds（长链状化合物） used in plastics（塑料）, as part of the mixture. 有一种方法可以在很大程度上降低混凝土的重量，那就是在混凝土中加入在塑料中应用的长链聚合物。 Durable：likely to last for a long time; 耐久的； A durable pair of shoes * among  But the engineers of earlier times also had their failure. In Rome，for example，most of the people lived in insula（建筑群、群屋），great tenement（公寓） blocks that were often ten stories high. Many of them were poorly constructed and some times collapsed（倒塌） with considerable（大量的、相当的） loss of life. Today, however, the engineer has the advantage not only of empirical information, but also of scientific data that permit him to make careful calculations in advance. When a modern engineer plans a structure, he takes into account （考虑、注意）the total weight of all its component materials. This is known as the dead load（恒载）, which is the weight of the structure itself. He must also consider the live load（动载）, the weight of all the people, cars, furniture（家具、器具）, machines, and so on that the structure will support when it is in use. In structures such as bridges that will handle fast automobile traffic, he must consider the impact（冲击力）, the force at which the live load will be exerted(施加) on the structure. 他也必须考虑动载，也就是结构物在使用期间所承受的人群荷载、车辆、器具、机械等的重量。 He must also determine the safety factor（安全系数）, that is, an additional capability to make the structure st