[社会学]Background Guide--General Assembly.docVIP

Contents ?Security Council Reform Security Council Background 3 Calling for Security Council Reform 4 Reforms 5 Past International Actions 17 Overall Positions of countries and blocs 21 ?Global Illiteracy To all the delegates in the General Assembly 26 General Assembly 28 Background of the issues 31 Blocs Positions 36 Questions to consider 44 Reference 45 Security Council Background The Security Council has primary responsibility, under the Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security. It is so organized as to be able to function continuously, and a representative of each of its members must be present at all times at United Nations Headquarters. On 31st January 1992, the first ever Summit Meeting of the Council was convened at Headquarters, attended by Heads of State and Government of 13 of its 15 members and by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the remaining two. The Council may meet elsewhere than at Headquarters; in 1972, it held a session in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the following year in Panama City, Panama. When a complaint concerning a threat to peace is brought before it, the Councils first action is usually to recommend to the parties to try to reach an agreement by peaceful means. In some cases, the Council itself undertakes investigation and mediation. It may appoint special representatives or request the Secretary-General to do so or to use his good offices. It may set forth principles for a peaceful settlement. When a dispute leads to fight, the Councils first concern is to bring it to an end as soon as possible. On many occasions, the Council has issued cease-fire directives which have been instrumental in preventing wider hostilities. It also sends United Nations peace-keeping forces to help reduce tensions in troubled areas, keep opposing forces apart and create conditions of calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought. The Council may decide on enforcement measures, economic sanctions (such as trade embargoes) or c