[英语]虚拟语气章振邦.pptVIP

Subjunctive Mood Echo Sept. 2009 传统虚拟语气 参见英语语法网 /Article/200808/438.html 传统虚拟语气各种表达方式 He behaves as if he owned the place. I’d rather you listened to me. If only I had listened to my teacher! I wish I hadn’t swallowed that glass of whisky. I’d be inclined to trade that car in for a new one. Would you let me have a match? She claims that she would love to live abroad. If I could drive a car, I would teach you. If your father had caught us, he would have been furious. If it snowed tomorrow, the match would have to be cancelled. It’s time you were in bed. Even though he were my brother, I would cast him out. I wish I were young again. If an Association member be found guilty, his membership shall be suspended and appropriate dues refunded. It is a good thing that he recognize his faults. 所有这些表示假设意义及其他非事实意义的语法手段，在传统语法书中都归入“虚拟语气”之列。这样，“虚拟语气”就显得特别复杂，给初学者带来很大困难。其所以弄得很复杂，是因为同一个动词形式往往必须纳入不同的语法范畴。例如： It’s time you had a holiday. I had a meeting yesterday. 按照传统说法，前一个had是虚拟语气；后一个had是动词have的过去时态。 又例如： You should mind your own business. It’s a pity that he should be late. The horse would not go any further. Would you mind if I opened the window? 在上面两组句子中，按照传统语法，每组第一句的should/would是情态（助）动词；每组第二句的should/would却是构成虚拟语气的语气助动词。再加上should/would表示“表示过去将来时间”的意义，传统语法称之为“过去将来时态”。那么，同一个动词形式should/would就应纳入三种不同的语法范畴：一曰情态（助）动词；二曰“语气”助动词，三曰“时态”助动词。一个字，晕！ 其实，虚拟语气本身没那么复杂。虚拟语气作为一种特殊动词形式，在现代英语中已经濒于消失。英语残留下来的虚拟语气，实际上只剩下两种：即were-型虚拟式和be-型虚拟式，如在前页数例中出现的he were， I were， if an Association member be found guilty，以及that he recognize his faults等。即使这点虚拟式的残余也还在变化中，were-型虚拟式现在常为陈述句所取代，如 Even though he was/were my brother, I would cast him out. He talks as if he was/were my uncle. I wish I was/were young again. Be-型虚拟式现在仍常用语美国英语，而在英国英语中，除仍与用法律文书外，通常为should + 不定式所取代，如： It’s a good thing that he recognize his faults. 在英国英语中已属古旧，比较罕见，较常见的说法是： It’s a good thing that he should