[工学]抗生素抗性.pdf

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Oct. 2002, p. 647–679 Vol. 15, No. 4 0893-8512/02/$04.00 0 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.15.4.647–679.2002 Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Interactions among Strategies Associated with Bacterial Infection: Pathogenicity, Epidemicity, and Antibiotic Resistance† 1 2 Jose´ L. Martínez * and Fernando Baquero Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, 1 Servicio de Microbiología, 2 Hospital Ramo´n y Cajal, Madrid, Spain INTRODUCTION 648 GENETIC LINKAGE OF RESISTANCE AND VIRULENCE 648 Common Mechanisms Involved in Virulence and Resistance650 Costs of and Compensations for Virulence and Resistance 651 Evolution and Dissemination of Genes Involved in Virulence and Resistance 652 Mutation and recombination 652 Plasmids653 Transposons654 Phages654 Gene cassettes 654 Phenotypic Adaptation in Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance655 Environmental signaling in virulence and antibiotic resistance655 D o