Public Policy Process：公共政策过程.ppt

Public Policy Process Policy Issues Policy Agenda Legislation Regulatory agencies Policy Evaluation Policy Issues:Problems that exist in society Social Economic Political Technological Policy Agenda:Choosing which issues to focus on Visibility Powerful stakeholders Important to reelection Legislation:Addressing the Agenda Set parameters Establish regulatory agencies Set timeframe Regulatory Agencies:Implement Policies Specific rules Penalties Judgment Enforcement Policy Evaluation:Judicial Review of Policies Interpret laws Order compliance Implications of the Policy Process Model Business can bring influence at any point in the process. The earlier the influence is in the process, the greater impact and likelihood of success, and the lower the costs will be. Factors Affecting Current Business/Political Relationship Rise in Special Interest Groups Decline in Voting Diffusion of Power in Government Reforms in Congress The decline of party power Increased complexity in government Business involvement in politics Lobbying The electoral process Lobbying:Advocating a viewpoint to government. A lobbyist engages in persuasion and gives two types of information: technical information. political information. Lobbyists are loosely regulated. A key issue in lobbying is the imbalance of access and power. . The Abramoff ScandalsOpening Case Rep. Tom DeLay (R-Texas) pressured lobbyists to support his candidates and causes and rewarded the lobbyist through the use of Congressional earmarks. Jack Abramoff was a lobbyist whose style was to lavish attention and favors on lawmakers. Bob Ney (R-Ohio) accepted gifts and trips and then did legislative favors at Abramoff’s request. Randy “Duke” Cunningham (R-California) was corrupt to an unprecedented degree. He even had a “bribe menu.” Corporations dominate the political area with huge expenditures for lobbying and campaign donations. The recent spate of Washington scandals teach that the area in which business must pursue it