[英语学习]chapter10CognitiveLinguistics.ppt

Chapter 10 Cognitive Linguistics 1. Introduction Cognition 认知: the action or faculty of knowing or learning An approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it. George Lakoff, Women, Fire and Dangerous Things —— What Categories Reveal About the Mind 女人、火和危险事物——范畴揭示了思维的什么奥秘 1987 George Lakoff Mark Johnson, Metaphor We Live By 我们赖以生存的隐喻 1980 1. Introduction Philosophical foundation: Experiential realism经验现实主义 cognitive world or cognitive structure. 1. Introduction Psychological foundation: Interactionism: cognition originates from the interaction between subject and object, cognitive structure is postnatally constructed, intelligence and knowledge comes from postnatal experience and practice. We organize experiences and information in categories and schemas 认知是客体作用于主体的结果，是大脑经过加工对客观世界重新认识的过程 1. Introduction We recognize the world from two aspects: a. General 家具 basic 桌子 more specific 饭桌 1. Introduction b. 1. Introduction Two aspects of cognitive linguistics: a. How do human beings conceptualize things with language symbols b. How do human beings realize the communicative functions with language structures. 2 Categorization and Categories Category: 范畴，the class of things in cognition.(桌子，家具，人) Categorization: 范畴化, the process of classifying our experience into different categories based on commonalities and differences. 1. Introduction b. 2.1 The classical theory 古典理论 Initiated by Aristotle Categories are defined by a limited set of necessary and sufficient conditions/ features. BIRD: +2 wings, +2 legs, +feathers … Binary division of the world Clear boundaries All members have equal status 2.1 The classical theory 古典理论 Shortages: a. sometimes, there is no clear-cut boundaries between categories b. the status of members are not equal e.g. RECTANGLE 2.2 The