11 Speech-Coding Techniques-12 Speech Enhancement Techniques推荐.pdfVIP

11 Speech-Coding Techniques Communication infrastructures and services have been changed dramatically in recent years to include data and images. However, speech is still the most important and common service in the telecommu- nication networks. This chapter introduces speech-coding techniques to achieve the spectral efficiency, security, and easy storage. 11.1 Introduction to Speech-Coding Speech-coding techniques compress the speech signals to achieve the efficiency in storage and transmis- sion, and to decompress the digital codes to reconstruct the speech signals with satisfactory qualities. In order to preserve the best speech quality while reducing the bit rate, it uses sophisticated speech-coding algorithms that need more memory and computational load. The trade-offs between bit rate, speech quality, coding delay, and algorithm complexity are the main concerns for the system designers. The simplest method to encode the speech is to quantize the time-domain waveform for the digital representation of speech, which is known as pulse code modulation (PCM). This linear quantization requires at least 12 bits per sample to maintain a satisfactory speech quality. Since most telecommunication systems use 8 kHz sampling rate, PCM coding requires a bit rate of 96 kbps. As briefly introduced in Chapter 1, lower bit rate can be achieved by using logarithmic quantization such as the μ-law or A-law companding, which compresses speech to 8 bits per sample and reduces the bit rate to 64 kbps. Further bit-rate reduction at 32 kbps can be achieved using the adaptive differential PCM (ADPCM), which uses adaptive predictor and quantizer to track the input speech signal. Analysis–synthesis coding methods can achieve higher compression rate by analyzing the spectral parameters that represent the speech production model, and transmit these parameters to the receiver for synthesizing the speech. This type of coding algorithm is called vocoder (voice cod