传输模型.pptVIP

17 March 1999 Radio Propagation 3/10/1999 Radio Propagation CSCI 694 24 September 1999 Lewis Girod Outline Introduction and terminology Propagation mechanisms Propagation models What is Radio? Radio Xmitter induces EM fields Electrostatic field components μ 1/d3 Induction field components μ 1/d2 Radiation field components μ 1/d Radiation field has E and B component Field strength at distance d = E?B μ 1/d2 Surface area of sphere centered at transmitter General Intuition Two main factors affecting signal at receiver Distance (or delay) ? Path attenuation Multipath ? Phase differences Objective Invent models to predict what the field looks like at the receiver. Attenuation, absorption, reflection, diffraction... Motion of receiver and environment… Natural and man-made radio interference... What does the field look like at the receiver? Models are Specialized Different scales Large scale (averaged over meters) Small scale (order of wavelength) Different environmental characteristics Outdoor, indoor, land, sea, space, etc. Different application areas macrocell (2km), microcell(500m), picocell Outline Introduction and some terminology Propagation Mechanisms Propagation models Radio Propagation Mechanisms Free Space propagation Refraction Conductors Dielectric materials (refraction) Diffraction Fresnel zones Scattering “Clutter” is small relative to wavelength Free Space Assumes far-field (Fraunhofer region) d D and d ? , where D is the largest linear dimension of antenna ? is the carrier wavelength No interference, no obstructions Free Space Propagation Model Received power at distance d is where Pt is the transmitter power in Watts a constant factor K depends on antenna gain, a system loss factor, and the carrier wavelength Refraction Perfect conductors reflect with no attenuation Dielectrics reflect a fraction of incident energy “Grazing angles” reflect max* Steep angles transmit max* Diffraction Diffraction occurs when waves hit the edge of an obs