自考英语阅读语法及课后翻译精选.pdfVIP

一、语法 Grammar Usage Subject-VerbAgreement (I) 1．主谓一致的三条原则1）语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致。 Humanbeings enjoylearning. Everybody’sunderstandingis incomplete. 2）意义一致，即根据意义来处理一致关系。 The peoplethere are fighting for the independence oftheir country. The dollarswas alot of moneyat that time. 3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 Thereis apen,twopencils and an eraser inthe pencil box. Neither theboynor his teachers know the answer. 2．集体名词作主语时与动词的一致1）当主语为furniture，equipment，machinery 等词时，谓语动词通常用单数。 The furniture inthat shopis all made inChina. Office equipment is veryexpensive nowadays. Alot of new machineryhasbeen installed. 2）集体名词如people， cattle， police， poultry，等往往作复数用。 Somepeople drive madly inthis country. Manycattle havedied becauseof thefold. The police havebeensent there but theyhavenot madeanyarrests yet. Poultryare plentiful inthat mountain region. 3)family, government, class, committee, audience , team, public 等词被视做一个整 体时，其后的动词作单数；被视做为构成整体的个体时，其后的动词则为复数。 His family is ahappy one. His family areall interested instamp-collecting. The Democratic Government is in power now. The government is/are considering further tax cuts. The audience was veryquite when he was giving his speech. The audience were shouting and laughing when he cameinto the hall. Our class is thetop class inthe grade. The class arebusy taking notes. 3．并列主语与动词的一致1）当“名词+名词”表示一种事物时，用单数动词。 Bacon and eggsis averypopular British breakfast. Toastandmarmalade (果酱面包) is myfavorite breakfast. Fish and chips(炸鱼与土豆片) is servedevery day. 2）当主语是由and， both….and 连接的并列结构时，如果主语所指的不是一种 事物，动词则用复数形式。 JackandMary are inlove witheachother. BothTom and Johnare absent today. War,famine anddrought have claimed thousands oflives in that country. 3)在又or 或 nor 连接的并列结构中，动词单、复数形式一般与or 或 nor 后边 的名词或代词保持一致。 He orhis brothers are toblame for this. Either youoryour friend hasto paythebill. Either his father orhis mother comes to seehim every day. Whencouples quarrel, (either) the wife or thehusband has togive