美国政府预算结构和体制(中英文).pptVIP

* Government Budget Structures and Institutions in the U.S. 美国政府预算结构和体制 Dr. Marilyn Rubin, Ph.D. John Jay College The City University of New York 玛丽莲·鲁宾博士 纽约市立大学约翰·杰伊刑事司法学院 * What is a Government Budget? 什么是政府预算？ A government’s budget is an itemized summary of estimated or intended expenditures for a given period along with proposals for financing them 政府预算是特定时期内的预计开支或计划开支，及提议为这些开支提供资金的分类科目。 * Historical Context of Budgeting in the U.S. 预算在美国的历史背景 ? ? ? The origins of public budgeting in the U.S. was influenced by early English history美国公共预算的起源受英国早期历史的影响 In England, a large leather bag was used by the king’s treasurer to carry the documents explaining the king’s fiscal needs 英格兰财政大臣使用一种皮质大袋子，里面 装着说明国王的财政需求的各种文件。 The bag was called the “budget” from the French word for “leather bag” 这种袋子就称作“budget” ，该词源自法语中对“皮袋子”的称呼。 * Parliament and the King 议会和国王 ? ? The King of England and the Parliament often disagreed on the budget 英格兰国王和议会常常对预算产生分歧 Because of this, the U.S. Constitution incorporated what are called the “separation of powers” with three branches of government each having its own responsibilities and powers 因此，美国宪法中体现出所谓的三权分立，政府的 三大机关各自被赋予了不同的责任和权力。 Budgeting in the U.S 美国的预算 The Federal Government: Three branches 联邦政府：三大机关 * * The Executive Branch 行政机关 ? ? The executive branch is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land 行政机关负责国家法律的执行 The executive branch includes the president, vice president and department heads who are members of what is called the president’s “cabinet”行政机关包括总统、副总统 和各部部长，即所谓的总统“内阁”的成员 Federal Departments联邦政府部门 Department of State国务院 Department of the Treasury财政部 Department of Defense国防部 Department of Justice司法部 Department of the Interior内政部 Department of Agriculture农业部 Department of Commerce商务部 Department of Labor劳工部 Department of Health and Human Services卫生与公众服务部 Department of Housing and Urba