语言学必考名词解释.docVIP

Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. Design feature: are features that define our human languages, such as arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc. Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind Arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary. Level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. Displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication. Competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. Prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use. Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. Assimilation: the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound, which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation. Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes. Reference: the use of language to express a proposition, meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes. Reference: the use of language to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context. Sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context. Li