厦门大学海洋科学导论课件水文部分lect5-1010.pptVIP

The oceanic heat budget Major terms and equation Tropical and subtropical oceans are permanently layered with warm, less dense surface water separated from the cold, dense deep water by a thermocline, a layer in which water temperature and density change rapidly. Temperate regions have a seasonal thermocline and polar regions have none. 5.1.4水温的变化(Changes of water temperature) 日变化(diurnal change) ??? 很小，变幅不超过0.3°C。??? 日较差：最高温与最低温之差。1. 影响因素：主要因子是太阳辐射(solar radiation)、内波(internal wave)等。2. 表层： ??? 相比之下，晴天比多云大；无风比有风大；低纬比高纬大；夏季比冬季大；近岸比外海大。 主要受 云(cloud)、风(wind)、潮流(tidal currents)影响。3. 深层： ??? 表层水温的日变化，通过海水内部的热交换(heat exchange)向深层传播。变幅随深度增加而减小，位相则落后。 年变化(annual change) ： ??????? 表层受制太阳辐射(solar radiation)年变化。最高温与最低温差为年较差，赤道和极地海域年变幅小于1°C，最大值出现副热带海域8-9°C，寒暖流交汇处可达14、15°C。北半球(the Northern Hemisphere)变幅大。近海大于大洋。 表层以下水温的年变化，主要靠混合(mixing)和海流(ocean currents)等因子施加影响。 非规则变化(irregular change)：西班牙圣婴EL Nino现象。 5.2.2 海洋表层以下盐度的平面分布 在500m深度上，ΔS大洋约为2.3,高盐中心移往大洋西部。 1000m深层,ΔS大洋约1.7，地中海、红海和波斯湾的高盐水扩展特别明显 2000m深度上， ΔS大洋只有0.6 大洋深处的盐度分布几近均匀,ΔS大洋→0 5.2.3 Vertical Distribution of Salinity Relatively constant with depth Surface salinity is determined by Evap/Precip balance Halocline(盐跃层) exists around 1000 m Below 1000m, relatively little variation: 34.5 to 35.0 5.2.4 盐度的变化(Changes of salinity)1. 日变化(diurnal change)：??? 表层很小，变幅通常小于0.05。下层，受内波(internal wave)的影响，常有大于表层的。??? 2. 季节变化(seasonal change)： ??? 由蒸发(evaporation)、降水(precipitation)、径流(runoff)、融冰(ice melting)结冰(icing)及大洋环流(ocean circulation)等因素制约。有年变化的周期。但各海区不同，无普遍规律可循。 3. 不规则变化(irregular change)：???? （1）径流 (runoff)（2）地震(earthquake) The water column in the ocean can be divided into the surface layer, pycnocline and deep layer. The deep layer represents 80% of the ocean volume. Water in the deep layer originates at the surface in high latitudes where it cools, becomes dense, sinks (convects) to the sea floor and flows outward (advects) across the ocean basin. 6. T-S curve and water mass 6.1 水团(Water Mass)