Searle’sIndirectSpeechActTheory.ppt

间接施为句表达的是间接言语行为(indirect speech act) 间接言语行为是一种以言行事通过另一种以言行事的表达方式间接地实现的 要理解间接言语行为，首先要了解“字面用意”(literal force)，即话语所表达的“言外之力”再从字面用意推断其间接用意 Could you do it for me? 字面意思是询问对方有无做某事的能力，实际上并非如此。听话人必须通过字面用意（询问），推断出说话人要表达的间接用意----请求 I request that you do it for me. 塞尔的间接言语行为基于以下假设 1）显性施为句或明显的以言行事可通过施为动词获知说话人的语用用意 2）许多语句实际上都是隐性施为句，其中陈述句表达“陈述”，疑问句表达“询问”，祈使句表达“命令”等言语行为 3）语句本身表达的这些言语行为称作“字面用意”，它与间接的“言外之力”（语用用意）相对，后者是在“字面用意”的基础上作出的推断 4）间接言语行为可分为规约性间接言语行为和非规约性间接言语行为 塞尔的认为理解或传达间接言语行为有四条依据： 1）言语行为理论，特别是“示言外之力”论，即了解人们如何以言行事 2）语用含意理论，特别是了解“会话含意”理论中有关合作原则的各准则的恪守和违反可能带来的语用含意 3）说话人的知识和听话人所理解的语境信息 4）听话人的知识及推断能力 A 规约性间接言语行为 对“字面用意”作一般性推断而得出的间接言语行为。根据话语的句法形式，按习惯可立即推断出间接的“言外之力” Could you be a little more quiet? I’d rather you didn’t do it any more. Would you mind not making so much noise? I would appreciate it if you could turn off the light. 可以在末尾加上please，但是加上后不再是间接言语行为语句，而是通过please 明确表达了请求的含义，相当于祈使句。 在特定语境中，理解话语的字面意思和语用含意 在游泳池边问Can you swim？可能具有邀请的语用含义，是一个间接言语行为，如果是在卧室提出来，可能只表达了字面意思 Group 1 Sentences concerning Hearer’s ability to perform Action 与说话人做某事的能力有关的语句 Can you…？ You can… Are you able to…？ Group 2 Sentences concerning Speaker’s wish or want that Hearer will do Action 与说话人希望听话人做某事的愿望有关的语句 I would like you to … I want you to… I’d rather you didn’t … Group 3 Sentences concerning Hearer’s doing Action 与听话人做某事有关的语句 Officers will henceforth wear ties at dinner. Will you quit making that awful racket？ Won’t you stop making that noise? Aren’t you going to eat your cereal? Group 4 Sentences concerning Hearer’s desire or willingness to do Action 与听话人做某事的愿望或意愿有关的语句 Would you be willing to write a letter of recommendation for me? Do you want to hand me that hammer over there on the table? Would you mind not making so much noise? Would it be convenient for you to come on Wednesday? Group 5 Sentences concerning reasons for doing Action 与做某事的原因有关的语句 You ought to be more polite to our mother. Must you continue hammering that way? It would be a good idea if you left town. We’d all be better off if