Exp31–Objectives.pptVIP

Exp. 31 – Objectives To determine the solubility product of borax as a function of temperature. To determine the standard free energy, standard enthalpy, and standard entropy changes for the aqueous dissolution of borax. Exp. 31 – Introduction Large deposits of borax are found in Death Valley in the Mojave Desert in California. Borax is mined as either: tincal, Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O, or kernite, Na2B4O7·4H2O. Exp. 31 – Introduction Uses for borax: Cleansing agent Manufacture of glazing paper and varnishes Flux in soldering and brazing Manufacture of borosilicate glass. Exp. 31 – Introduction The free energy change of a chemical process is proportional to its equilibrium constant: ?Go = -RTlnK Where R, the gas constant, is 8.314 x 10-3 kJ/mol·K and T is the temperature in kelvins. Exp. 31 – Introduction K is expressed for the chemical system in equilibrium when the reactant and products are in their standard states. For a slightly soluble salt in an aqueous system, the precipitate corresponds to the reactants the ions in solution correspond the products Exp. 31 – Introduction Therefore, for Ag2CrO4(s) ? 2Ag+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) ?Go = -RTlnKsp = -RTln[Ag+]2[CrO42-] Since the free energy change is a function of the enthalpy change and the entropy change for the process: ?Go = ?Ho - T?So Exp. 31 – Introduction Combining these two expressions and rearranging to solve for lnKsp: lnKsp = - ?Ho/R(T-1) + ?So/R (y = mx + b) If you measure lnKsp at varying temps and plot lnKsp vs. 1/T: Slope = - ?Ho/R y-intercept = ?So/R Since R is constant, ?Ho and ?So can be determined. Exp. 31 – Introduction Since the values of Ksp may be (+) or (-) for slightly soluble salts and T-1 is always positive, the plot of lnKsp vs. 1/T appears in the 1st and 4th quadrants as shown in the unlabeled figure. Exp. 31 – Introduction In this experiment, you will determine ?Go, ?Ho, ?So for the aqueous solubility of tincal, Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O: Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O(s) ? 2