[外语学习]写作讲座系列.ppt

写作讲座 一般说来，短文包括引言段(introduction)、正文（body或development）和结论段（conclusion）。1)引言段对短文的主题进行简要的介绍以引起读者的兴趣，并说明短文要讨论的问题。2)正文对引言段中提出的论题通过描述、对比、举例等手段进行论述。3)在结论段中，考生应综合上述内容进一步明确主题以及阐明自己的观点或评论。 段落一般包括主题句（topic sentence）、扩展句或称阐述句 (supporting sentence) 和结论句 (concluding sentence)。主题句说明段落的主题；扩展句使主题句的意思和论点更具体，但要从属于主题句。结论句总括全段，是由扩展句归纳或推理出来的结论性认识。主题句大多位于段首，这有利于紧扣主题。但主题句位于段末可产生强烈的效果，加深对中心思想的印象。 1. 演绎法 (deduction organization) 演绎法是从一般到具体推理的写作方法。 其主题句位于段落的开头，点明段落的中心 思想，而其后续的句子为拓展句，围绕主题 而写。最后为结论句，进一步概括和提升华 主题。 e.g. Self-confidence Self-confidence 1) Self-confidence is very necessary to your success in life. 2) For one thing, it helps keep you calm , from the very beginning, in the face of what you are unfamiliar with. 3) More often than not, you feel confused at the thought of something foreign to you, but self confidence can give you enough courage to face up to it. 4) For another, it helps you to draw upon more of your potentials. 5) Whenever things go wrong in the course of your struggle, self-confidence enables you to play your cards better than is supposed to. 6) In short, self-confidence is one of the decisive contributors to your success in anything. 2. 归纳法(induction organization) 归纳法是从具体到一般推理的写作方法。其主题句位于段尾，表明作者的观点，是全段的中心思想。而之前的句子用于阐明结论性观点的根由和依据。 Self-confidence 1) You need self-confidence to meet the challenges of everything new in life. 2) Once faced with anything unfamiliar to you, you can feel self- confidence at work, for it enables you to get it under your control. 3) Furthermore , you need self-confidence to lift you out of any difficult situation. 4) It often happens that you run into many troubles on your way to the final goal; and in this case, self-confidence or the strong will to succeed gives fuller play to your capacities, thus changing the things for t