国际贸易海运提单欺诈成因分析 英文资料2推荐.doc

The main form of bill of lading fraud Counterfeit bill of lading Letter of credit required by the bill of lading is the main document, in the credit business, as long as the documents meet the requirements of the letter of credit, bank or vouchers for payment, not the source of the examination of documents and their authenticity. Some unscrupulous traders that use letters of credit transaction documents, strictly consistent with the characteristics of forged bills of lading, to fraudulently purchase price, may not ship the goods, or shoddy, deceived customers. 1, empty one. One is recorded with the cargo space is extremely inconsistent or simply not on board bill of lading issued by the carrier and its agent or master bill of lading issued by a fake. This bill of lading may be completely innocent of the consignee or holder is used to perform the next sale of goods. In Germany, most scholars believe that the circulation of bills of lading instead of goods, the carrier issuing the bill of lading, therefore, it should be secured to take their records with the same goods, so the recognition of the effectiveness of air alone. Anglo-American countries because of its well-developed shipping industry in international shipping, the carrier often play a role, and therefore responsibility of the carrier to adopt legislation to reduce the idea to facilitate the aviation industry. Common Law that the bill of lading for the cargo carrier or the master to accept the shipment and will be prima facie evidence, available facts. So, in fact did not receive the goods carrier issuing the bill of lading, the carrier is not defined by the bill of lading above absolute constraints, can give considerable evidence to overturn its responsibilities. Even if the bill of lading holder in good faith was not at fault too. Some scholars believe that the seller is not intentionally falsified the case of delivery constitutes a fraudulent bill of lading, bills of lading is invalid, the infringement