经济学的思维方式课件 CH09 Competition and Government Policy.ppt

“The Economic Way of Thinking”12th Edition Chapter 09: Competition and Government Policy Chapter Outline Competition as a Process The Pressures of Competition Controlling Competition Restrictions on Competition Competition on Other Fronts Competition for the Key Resource Competition and Property Rights The Ambivalence（矛盾） of Government Policies Chapter Outline Selling Below Cost What is the Appropriate Cost? “Predators” and Competition Regulating Prices “Antitrust” Policy Interpretations and Applications Vertical Restraints: Competitive or Anticompetitive The Range of Opinion Toward Evaluation Introduction Questions Will economic competition disappear unless the government has an active program to preserve it? When the government prohibits mergers, is it preventing competitors from eliminating rivals? When sellers face so little competition that they can charge prices far above cost, can government protect consumers from exploitation by regulating prices? How is competition measured in an industry? Introduction 学习完本章之后，你对这些问题应该有更好的认识 Competition as a Process 在日常语言中，“竞争”更多地指的是人们参与的活动。 而在主流经济学中，“竞争”的概念却意指事物的状态（state of affairs）。 Competition as a Process A （perfectly）competitive market（完全竞争市场） is said to exist when… There are a large number of buyers and sellers, and nobody possesses market power Market participants possess full and complete information of alternatives Sellers produce a homogeneous（同质的） product There is costless mobility of resources The economic actors are price takers Competition as a Process 完全竞争会导致一个假想的资源最优配置和零利润。 然而，这种模型的运用对于理解经济问题来说有着严重的局限性！ Competition as a Process 完全竞争模型的局限性 模糊了经济系统背后的制度架构； 忽略了市场上交换行为的动态性和多面性； 忽略了企业家调整过程，这是强进的市场经济的核心，是市场经济活力的源泉。 Competition as a Process 完全竞争模型 关注的是事物的状态，是所有调整活动发生后的状态； 其中，所有人的计划处于先天的协调状态；而没有解释经济主体是如何通过交换和生产活动实现收益的（如果追踪至其逻辑极限，则又会穷尽所有潜在收益）。 斯密谈论的是市场上的讨价还价，而完全竞争模型关心的却是消除进一步讨价还价可能性的条件。这是一个严重的智识错误！ The Pressures of Competition Price Marginal Cost Sellers facing downward sloping demand curves Invites Competiti