《临床心理学》双语教学精品课件 chapter 7 understanding pain.pptVIP

Chapter 7 understanding pain The Meaning of Pain About 100 years ago, pain was most frequently considered a direct consequence of physical injury, specifically related to the degree of tissue damage. C. A. Strong(1895) hypothesized that pain was due to two factors: the sensation and the person’s reaction to that sensation. Definition of pain Pain is remarkably difficult to define. IASP (the International Association for the Study of Pain) Subcommittee on Taxonomy defined pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.” Three stages of pain Acute pain: the type of pain that most people experience when injured, usually no more than 6 months. Prechronic pain: comes between the acute and the chronic stages. Chronic pain: endures over 6 months or even years, often due to a chronic condition or maybe the result of an injury that persists beyond the time of healing. Soldiers and surgical patients The experience of pain is individual and subjective, and could be influenced by situation and cultural factors. The experience of pain Beecher(1956): pain is a two-dimensional experience consisting of both a sensory stimulus and an emotional component. Individual difference Individual factors and personal experience make a difference for the experience of pain. Classical conditioning Operant conditioning: rewards for pain, such as receiving attention, sympathy and so on, is important for building acute pain into chronic pain. Individual difference Individual variability tend to be exaggerated. there is no “pain-resistant personality” or “pain-prone personality”. Cultural and situational factors are more important. Specificity theory Specific pain fibers and pain pathways exist, making the experience of pain virtually equal to the amount of tissue damage or injury. Pain is the result of transmission of pain signals from the body to a “pain center” in the brain. Specificity th