周三班修辞学补充材料.doc

Q1 Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, a study has found that almost all scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their fields late and less than a dozen years before their creative breakthroughs. Since creative breakthroughs by scientists under forty also generally occur within a dozen years of the scientists’ entry into the field, the study’s finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not due to age but rather because most have spent too long in their fields. In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles? The first is the position that the argument as a whole depends; the second is evidence that is advanced as part of that evidence. The first and second are both claims that have been advanced in support of a position that the argument as a whole opposes. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second provides evidence in support of a competing explanation that the argument defends. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is evidence that has been used against an alternative explanation that the argument defends. The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is evidence that has been used to challenge that explanation. Q2 Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage from feeding on infected white-footed mice. However, certain other species on which the larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium. Therefore, if the population of these other species were increased, the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium and hence the number of people contracting Lyme disease would likely decline. Which of the following, if