Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy（细胞呼吸：获取化学能）.pptVIP

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy Overview: Life Is Work Living cells require energy from outside sources Some animals, such as the giant panda, obtain energy by eating plants, and some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis generates O2 and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration Cells use chemical energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP, which powers work Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels Several processes are central to cellular respiration and related pathways Catabolic Pathways and Production of ATP The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2 Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the sugar glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules This released energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP The Principle of Redox Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions In oxidation, a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized In reduction, a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced) The electron donor is called the reducing agent The electron receptor is called the oxidizing agent Some redox reactions do not transfer electrons but change the electron sharing in covalent bonds An example is th