(精选)Antimicrobials教学课件.pptVIP

Antimicrobials;Antimicrobial Agents;;Historical Perspective of Antibiotics;Antimicrobial Agents;Antimicrobial Agents;Antimicrobial Agents;Your Basic Bacteria;Antimicrobial Drugs Modes of Action;Types of Antimicrobial Resistance;Mechanisms of Resistance; Efflux mechanisms Acquisition of an inner membrane protein which actively pumps the antibiotic out of the cell. E. coli acquires resistance to tetracyclines Alternative pathway Bacteria acquire a gene to code an alternative penicillin binding protein which is not inhibited. Alteration of the target site Point mutations, insertions or deletions alters the site of inhibition thus conferring resistance.;Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistance;Antibiotic (e.g. penicillin) ;Factors That Accelerate Microbial Resistance;Mechanisms to Reduce Antibiotic Resistance;Cell Wall Structure of Gram(+) and Gram(-) Bacterium;Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis Stage I;Fosfomycin – inhibits the enol-pyruvyl transferase by direct nucleophilic attack on the enzyme. Note: Mammalian enzymes are not inhibited, thus no effect on the host. ;;Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis Stage II;– binds to the membrane bound bactoprene phosphate (membrane “anchor”) thus inhibiting cleavage from the anchor to allow for transport of the monomer unit to the outside of the cell. - and of lesser significance, inhibits lycine inclusion (stage I) into the murein structure.;– interaction with the D-alanyl-D-alanine portion of the forming mucopeptide involving strong, but not covalent, bonding with the hydroxylated phenyl glycine residues of the antibiotic. Separation of the murein component to the outside of the membrane is thus impaired and cell wall synthesis is inhibited.;Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis Stage III;Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis Stage III;Inhibitors of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis Stage III;?-Lactam General Mode of Action;?-Lactam Antibiotics;Cell Wall Synthesis – Key Antibiotic Targets;?-Lacatams;Antibiotic (e.g. penicillin) ;S