(精选)BI302-_lecture7.课件 - MiNDS教学课件.pptVIP

Bacteriology lecture 7: Antimicrobial drugs and introduction to disease;Bacteria Become Resistant to Antibiotics by:;3) Becoming impermeable to the drug e.g. mutants with altered membrane structure.;4) Releasing enzymes that inactivate the antibiotic e.g. many gram-negative bacteria produce penicillinase (b-lactamase);Resistance to Penicillin and its derivatives is caused by a specific enzyme;1956: Multiple drug resistant strains of Shigella spp. (dysentery) isolated from patient’s faeces; not possible to induce resistance in pure culture of drug-sensitive strains in lab. Reason: drug resistance transferred from resistant organisms to sensitive ones. Direct cell-cell contact necessary and transfer independent of host chromosome.;Plasmid-encoded resistance factors carried on R plasmids which consist of a resistance transfer factor (RTF) and one or more r-determinants. The RTF codes for a conjugation bridge and DNA transfer factors, and each r-determinants codes for resistance to one class of antibiotics e.g. most common resistances to tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, sulfonamide, kanamycin and chloramphenicol.;Plasmids can also be spread horizontally by transformation. Also antibiotic resistance genes are often found on transposons which can insert at random into other sites on DNA. Therefore these genes can transpose onto phage genomes and be carried to other bacteria in virus particles.;Development of Resistant Strains can be Minimised by:;Premature termination of antibiotic treatment;4) Use of narrow spectrum antibiotics, to minimise effects on normal body flora. 5) Keeping reserve antibiotics, which are only used when all else fails. The good news: when antibiotics are no longer present, antibiotic-sensitive bacteria gradually replace resistant strains.;Combined antibiotic therapy;Inhibition of the “Resistance” Enzyme;Augmentin;Combined antibiotic therapy;Host-microbe interactions;Host-microbe interactions- definitions;Microbes growing on skin;Definiti