part3-市场和福利 -应用：国际贸易.ppt

SM, China University of Mining Technology. Copyright?2010 Song Yan 应用：国际贸易 9 本章我们将探索这些问题的答案： 什么因素决定一个国家进口或出口多少物品？ 谁从贸易中得到好处？谁由于贸易而利益受损？贸易的好处大于这些损失吗？ 如果政策制定者限制贸易，谁会得到好处？谁的利益会受损？限制贸易的好处大于损失吗？ 限制贸易的观点有哪些？它们正确吗？ 内容提要： 如果一个物品在没有贸易时的国内价格低于世界价格，那这个国家将在有贸易时出口这种物品。贸易会增加生产者剩余，减少消费者剩余，并增加总剩余 如果一种物品在没有贸易时的国内价格高于世界价格，那这个国家将在有贸易时进口这种物品。贸易会减少生产者剩余，而增加消费者剩余和总剩余 关税使国内生产者的状况变好，而且政府也增加了收入，但消费者的损失大于这些好处 内容提要： 有各种限制贸易的观点：保护工作岗位，保卫国家安全，帮助幼稚产业，防治不公平竞争以及对外国的贸易限制做出反应 尽管这些观点在某些情况下有些道理，但经济学家相信，自由贸易通常是一种更好的政策 * Trade benefits soybean producers because they can sell at a higher price. Producer surplus rises by the area B + D. Trade makes domestic buyers worse off because they have to pay a higher price. Consumer surplus falls by the area B. The gains to producers are greater than the losses to consumers, so trade increases total welfare: total surplus rises by the amount D. * In December 2005, thousands of protestors gathered outside the meeting place of the World Trade Organization talks in Hong Kong. Some protests turned violent, and police made 900 arrests. Mankiw addresses the issue of opposition to trade very nicely in the “Ask the Author” video for Chapter 3. The “Ask the Author” videos are available at the textbook website. You may need a username and password; you can get them from your Cengage/South-Western sales rep. There is one “Ask the Author” video clip per chapter. Each video is about 2 minutes. In each, Mankiw addresses a question submitted by a student. I encourage you to check out these videos and consider showing some of them in your class. The videos for Chapter 3 and Chapter 9 both go very nicely with the material in this PowerPoint. * The tariff benefits domestic producers by allowing them to sell for a higher price. Producer surplus increases by C. The tariff makes consumers worse off because they have to pay a higher price. Consumer surplus falls by C + D + E + F. The tariff generates revenue for the government equal to E.